R
psychology · today

Robert
Sapolsky

The Neuroscientist Who Studied Baboons To Understand Us.
role
Neuroscientist & primatologist
known for
his book, Behave
in one line
we have less free will than we think
save
01
American neuroscientist and primatologist, working today. Stanford professor.
02
Spent decades living with wild baboons in Kenya, studying how stress and status shape behaviour — in them, and in us.
03
Wrote Behave — a sprawling book that traces every human action backward, from the seconds before, to the years before, to the millions of years before.
04
His follow-up Determined argues we have far less free will than we think — our choices come from biology, history, hormones, and circumstance.
05
Hilarious in person. His Stanford lectures (free on YouTube) are some of the best teaching on the internet.
06
For the question 'why am I like this?' — Sapolsky's answer is more honest than comforting.

Sapolsky is the guy you read when you want to understand why people do what they do — including yourself — and you don't want any of the answers sugarcoated.

He spent his twenties to fifties living with baboons in Kenya, watching them stress out, fight, mate, climb the social ladder. Then he came back to humans and said: actually, we're not that different.

***

His book Behave is the masterpiece. He takes a single human action — say, snapping at your partner — and traces it backward. The seconds before (your brain). The hours before (sleep, hunger, hormones). The years before (upbringing). The millennia before (evolution). By the end you realize there's no clean 'I chose this.' There's a long chain of causes you didn't pick.

His follow-up, Determined, takes the next step: we basically have no free will. That sounds nihilistic. It isn't. He'd say it's a reason to be kinder — to others and yourself — because almost nobody is the villain of their own neurochemistry.

If you ever beat yourself up for being weak, broken, or addicted — Sapolsky's the antidote. He'll show you the biology underneath. You're not failing on purpose. You're a primate, in an environment, with a brain you didn't design.

what baboons taught him about your stress

for almost thirty years, robert sapolsky lived with wild baboons in kenya. what he came back with wasn't really about baboons.

why free will might be mostly a lie

sapolsky's hardest book argues you don't really "choose" the things you think you choose. somehow, this is supposed to make you nicer.

how to be less of an asshole, according to a neuroscientist

if behaviour is mostly biology, what can you actually do? sapolsky has a short list. none of it is willpower.